Gout Pharmacotherapy – Test Prep and Practice Pearls

Gout pharmacotherapy involves more than just treating painful flare-ups. In this episode of Real Life Pharmacology, we review the most commonly used gout medications, including allopurinol, febuxostat, colchicine, probenecid, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids. Learn how these medications work, their indications, important adverse effects, clinically significant drug interactions, and practical prescribing pearls. We also discuss uric acid treatment goals, prevention of recurrent gout attacks, renal dosing considerations, and important medication safety concerns. Whether you are a pharmacist, nurse, physician, or healthcare professional preparing for a board certification exam, this episode will help strengthen your understanding of gout treatment and evidence-based gout pharmacotherapy.

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Osteoporosis Medications Part 2 – Test Prep and Practice Pearls

Bisphosphonates are commonly used to treat osteoporosis, but several non-bisphosphonate osteoporosis medications can help reduce fracture risk. Pharmacists should understand the mechanisms, adverse effects, and clinical pearls associated with these alternatives. On this podcast episode, I will cover four of the most commonly used “non-bisphosphonate” osteoporosis medications.

Denosumab (Prolia) is a RANKL inhibitor that decreases osteoclast activity and bone resorption. It is administered subcutaneously every six months.

Teriparatide (Forteo) and abaloparatide (Tymlos) stimulate bone formation through the parathyroid hormone pathway. These medications may be appropriate for patients at very high fracture risk.

Raloxifene (Evista) is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that reduces bone resorption. It primarily reduces vertebral fracture risk and may lower the risk of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Important adverse effects include hot flashes and an increased risk of venous thromboembolism.

Calcitonin (Miacalcin) inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. However, its effectiveness for fracture prevention is limited, making it a less-preferred option for long-term osteoporosis treatment.

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Osteoporosis Medications – Test Prep and Practice Pearls: Bisphosphonates

Bisphosphonates are commonly used to prevent and treat osteoporosis, making them an important topic for pharmacy, nursing, and medical exams. In this episode of the Real Life Pharmacology Podcast, we review high-yield bisphosphonate facts and practical pearls to help you prepare for exams and improve medication management.

Topics covered include:

  • Key differences between alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and zoledronic acid
  • Mechanism of action and how bisphosphonates reduce bone resorption
  • Dosing schedules and important administration instructions
  • Common adverse effects, including gastrointestinal irritation
  • Osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femoral fractures
  • Renal function considerations and important contraindications
  • Drug interactions and tips to improve medication absorption

Whether you are preparing for a pharmacy board exam, studying pharmacology, or reviewing osteoporosis treatment in clinical practice, this episode highlights the key bisphosphonate concepts worth remembering.

Listen to the Real Life Pharmacology Podcast for practical medication insights that help connect pharmacology knowledge with real-world patient care.

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NSAIDs Part 3 – Test Prep and Practice Pearls; Nabumetone, Diclofenac, Meloxicam, Piroxicam, Etodolac, Indomethacin, Sulidac, and Ketorolac

In this episode of Real Life Pharmacology, we take a closer look at several NSAIDs that are commonly encountered in clinical practice: nabumetone, diclofenac, meloxicam, piroxicam, etodolac, indomethacin, sulindac, and ketorolac.

These medications may all belong to the same general class, but they have important differences in dosing, adverse effects, drug interactions, and clinical use. We’ll discuss which NSAIDs tend to be more COX-2 selective, which ones carry significant gastrointestinal or cardiovascular concerns, and why some agents are used much more cautiously than others.

We’ll also cover practical pharmacology pearls for medications such as indomethacin, which is commonly used for acute gout, ketorolac, which is generally reserved for short-term pain management, and diclofenac, which has important cardiovascular considerations.

Whether you’re studying for a pharmacology exam, working with patients, or simply want to strengthen your knowledge of NSAIDs, this episode focuses on the clinically relevant points you need to know about these eight medications.

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NSAIDs Part 2 – Test Prep and Practice Pearls for Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, and Celecoxib

Aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib are some of the most commonly used NSAIDs, but they are not interchangeable when it comes to safety, indications, and patient-specific risks. In this episode of Real Life Pharmacology, we compare these four medications and highlight the key differences pharmacists and other healthcare professionals need to know.

We’ll review how NSAIDs work, including COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition, and discuss their effects on pain, inflammation, platelets, the gastrointestinal system, kidneys, cardiovascular system, and fluid balance. We’ll also compare the GI, cardiovascular, renal, and heart failure risks of aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.

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NSAIDs Part 1 – Test Prep and Practice Pearls

On this podcast episode, I cover the basics of NSAIDs, including how they work, what they are used for, significant drug interactions, and what adverse effects are important to monitor. I’ll educate about some of the major risks associated with NSAIDs and what I look out for as a practicing pharmacist.

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Opioids Part 5 – Tramadol, Tapentadol, and Meperidine

In this episode of Real Life Pharmacology, we’re taking a closer look at three unique opioids: tramadol, tapentadol, and meperidine. These medications have some important differences in their mechanisms, clinical uses, drug interactions, and safety concerns. We’ll review the key pharmacology and practical clinical pearls you should know when using these opioids in real-world practice.

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Opioids Part 4 – Methadone and Buprenorphine

In this episode of Real Life Pharmacology, we’re taking a closer look at two unique opioids: methadone and buprenorphine. Both medications have important roles in pain management and opioid use disorder, but their pharmacology, dosing, drug interactions, and safety considerations are quite different. We’ll review the key clinical pearls you need to know when using these medications in real-world practice.

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Opioids Part 3 – Test Prep and Practice Pearls – Codeine and Fentanyl

On this podcast episode, we will explore the most important practice pearls of codeine and fentanyl. Both medications are opioids, but codeine is frequently found in combination with acetaminophen. Fentanyl has numerous unique dosage forms, including the transdermal formulation which is a source of frequent test questions. I break these two medications down in this podcast episode.

Opioids Part 2 – Test Prep and Practice Pearls

In Part 2 of my series on opioids, I cover hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone. Hydromorphone and oxycodone are two opioids that are used frequently in clinical practice, and I will discuss what makes them unique, in addition to numerous other practice pearls and test prep nuggets. Enjoy the podcast and be sure to share it with friends, colleagues, and students!

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